Several Black churches were established in Hampton during the Civil War era: First Baptist Church (1863), Zion Baptist Church (1863), Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (1864), and Queen Street Baptist Church (1865).
Robert F. Engs. Freedom’s First Generation: Black Hampton, Virginia, 1861-1890. New York: Fordham University Press, 2004
Colita Nichols Fairfax. Hampton, Virginia. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing, 2005
Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander. An African American History of the Civil War in Hampton Roads. Charleston: The History Press, 2010
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